Medical closure methods and screen devices

ABSTRACT

A medical closure screen device for a separation of first and second tissue portions is provided, which includes a mesh screen comprising tubular vertical risers, vertical strands with barbed filaments, and horizontal spacers connecting the risers and strands in a grid-like configuration. An optional perimeter member partly surrounds the screen and can comprise a perimeter tube fluidically coupled with the vertical risers to form a tubing assembly. Various input/output devices can optionally be connected to the perimeter tube ends for irrigating and/or draining the separation according to methodologies of the present invention. Separation closure, irrigation and drainage methodologies are disclosed utilizing various combinations of closure screens, tubing, sutures, fluid transfer elements and gradient force sources. The use of mechanical forces associated with barbed strands for repositionably securing separated tissues together is disclosed. The use of same for eliminating or reducing the formation of subcutaneous voids or pockets, which can potentially form hematoma and seroma effects, is also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of and claims priority in applicationSer. No. 10/224,852, filed Aug. 21, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,381,211,dated Jun. 3, 2008. This application also claims priority in applicationSer. Nos. 11/103,056, 11/103,052, 103,403, 103,022, filed Apr. 11, 2005,which are continuations-in-part of the same parent application. All ofthe foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference. Thisapplication is also related to application Ser. No. 12/130,516, filedMay 30, 2008 and entitled Screen Devices and Methods for Closing TissueSeparations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to medical closure and woundfluid management devices, and in particular to an absorbable screenclosure member for closing tissue separations, such as incisions andwounds.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In the medical field, cutaneous incisions are commonly performed insurgery to provide access to underlying tissue, organs, joints, skeletalstructure, etc. Incision and closure techniques are an important part ofsurgery in general. They tend to occupy surgical teams and otherresources for significant portions of many surgical procedures.

Surgeons generally strive to minimize the traumatic and scarring effectsof surgery on their patients by both minimizing the incisions, and byemploying a variety of closure techniques which tend to reducepostoperative swelling, bleeding, seroma, infection and otherundesirable postoperative side effects. For example, the fields ofendoscopic-assisted surgery, microscopic surgery, and computer-enhancedinstrumentation (e.g., the DaVinci System available from IntuitiveSurgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.) are generally concerned withminimally invasive surgery (“MIS”) procedures and techniques, which haveproven to be increasingly popular. Such popularity is at least partlydue not only to the minimally-sized scars left by such techniques, butalso to the minimal trauma to the fascia and muscle layers and thecorrespondingly faster recoveries this allows. However, surgeons mustbalance such considerations with providing adequate access to performvarious surgical procedures.

Some surgical procedures, by their nature, must include long incisions.Examples include cutaneous excisional procedures such as “lifts” andreduction procedures, flap procedures for closure of defects, and manybariatric procedures.

The “first intention” (primary intention healing) in surgery is to“close” the incision. For load-bearing tissues, such as bone, fascia,and muscle, this requires substantial material, be it suture material,staples, or plates and screws. For the wound to be “closed,” theepithelial layer must seal. To accomplish this, the “load bearing” areasof the cutaneous and subcutaneous layers (i.e., the deep dermal elasticlayer and the superficial fascia or fibrous layers of the adiposetissue, respectively) must also at least be held in approximation.Important considerations include controlling infection and bleeding,reducing scarring, eliminating the potential of hematoma, seroma, and“dead-space” formation and managing pain. Dead space problems are moreapt to occur in the subcutaneous closure. Relatively shallow incisionscan normally be closed with surface-applied closure techniques, such assutures, staples, glues, and adhesive tape strips. However, deeperincisions may well require not only skin surface closure, but alsotime-consuming placement of multiple layers of sutures in theload-bearing planes. Absorbable sutures are commonly used for thispurpose and comprise an important class of surgical sutures. Dependingon various factors, absorbable sutures typically dissolve over a periodof a few days to a few months. Commercially available examples includeMonocryl® monofilament absorbable synthetic sutures comprising apoliglecaprone and PDS® (polydrioxanone) and Vicryl® (polyglactin)sutures, all available from Ethicon, Inc., of Somerville, N.J.

Surgical mesh represents another important class of surgical closuredevices. Applications include reconstruction, hernia repair, and organrepair. In such procedures, surgical mesh fabric prostheses are insertedinto patients through either open surgery or endoscopic (MIS)procedures. Knitted surgical mesh for hernia repair is disclosed in theAgarwal et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,316, which is assigned to Ethicon,Inc. Another Ethicon, Inc. patent, Duncan U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,202,discloses mesh tissue fasteners including various fastening members withspaced-apart legs for passing through tissue portions. Another closureprocedure involves the placement of pins or rods through skin edge orbone followed by the placement of an external clamp or fixator devicespanning the wound and frequently incorporating a worm-screw apparatuscapable of progressive tightening over time to effect closure,stabilization or distraction.

Fluid management represents another important aspect of both open andminimally invasive surgery. Postoperative fluid drainage can beaccomplished with various combinations of tubes, sponges, and porousmaterials adapted for gathering and draining bodily fluids. The priorart includes technologies and methodologies for assisting drainage. Forexample, the Zamierowski U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,969,880; 5,100,396; 5,261,893;5,527,293; and 6,071,267 disclose the use of pressure gradients, i.e.,vacuum and positive pressure, to assist with fluid drainage from wounds,including surgical incision sites. Such pressure gradients can beestablished by applying porous sponge material either internally orexternally to a wound, covering same with a permeable, semi-permeable,or impervious membrane, and connecting a suction vacuum source thereto.Fluid drawn from the patient is collected for disposal. Such fluidcontrol methodologies have been shown to achieve significantimprovements in patient healing. Another aspect of fluid management,postoperative and otherwise, relates to the application of fluids towound sites for purposes of irrigation, infection control, pain control,growth factor application, etc. Wound drainage devices are also used toachieve fixation and immobility of the tissues, thus aiding healing andclosure. This can be accomplished by both internal closed wound drainageand external vacuum devices. Fixation of tissues in apposition can alsobe achieved by bolus tie-over dressings (Stent dressings), taping,strapping and (contact) casting.

Heretofore, there has not been available a medical closure screen withthe advantages and features of the present invention, including thecombination of same with vacuum-assisted closure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the practice of the present invention, a medical closure screendevice is provided, which includes a mesh screen comprising tubularvertical risers, barbed filaments therebetween and horizontal spacers.An optional perimeter member partly surrounds the screen member and cancomprise a perimeter tube fluidically coupled with the vertical risersto form a tubing assembly. The tubing assembly cooperates with thevertical risers to extract fluid from the tissue separation in a drainmode and to introduce fluid thereinto in an irrigate mode. In oneembodiment of the invention the tubing assembly is fluidically coupledto a vacuum source to facilitate drainage. In another embodiment of theinvention, the perimeter tube is passed through the surrounding tissueto secure the screen member in place. Fluid transfer elements, such assponges, are optionally placed adjacent to and over an extension of thescreen for fluid transfer, for example, in conjunction with a vacuum orpump source. Another embodiment of the invention includes a sutureconnected to the screen and adapted for securing same in a tissueseparation. Alternative embodiment vertical risers are also disclosed,and can provide active fluid transfer utilizing the patient's bodydynamics. Yet another alternative embodiment of the present inventionutilizes the screen barbs for mechanical fixation in a separation forclosure of same. Separation closure, irrigation and drainagemethodologies are disclosed utilizing various combinations of closurescreens, tubing, sutures, fluid transfer elements and gradient forcesources. The closure screen of the present invention uses mechanical andother forces associated with screens and barbed strands for securingseparated tissues together and for eliminating or reducing the formationof subcutaneous voids or pockets, which can potentially form hematomaand seroma effects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a medical closure screen deviceembodying the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof, takengenerally within circle 2 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof, takengenerally along line 3-3 in FIG. 2, and particularly showing a barbedstrand.

FIGS. 4 a-f show alternative perimeter tube end closures comprising: 4a) subdermal termination; 4 b) knotted end; 4 c) Leur lock; 4 d)transfer element (i.e., sponge); 4 e) vacuum source; and 4 f) clampedend.

FIGS. 5 a-e show a tissue separation closure procedure embodying themethod of the present invention.

FIG. 6 a is an enlarged, fragmentary, cross-sectional view of theclosure screen in a tissue separation, with skin hooks shown in hiddenlines for positioning the separated tissue portions along the closurescreen.

FIG. 6 b is an enlarged, fragmentary, cross-sectional view of theclosure screen in a substantially closed tissue separation.

FIGS. 7 a-f show a tissue separation closure procedure embodying themethod of the present invention and utilizing optional sponge or foamfluid transfer elements and a tubing placement tool.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a tissue separation closureutilizing tubing for securing the closure screen with a fluid transfersubassembly connected to an upper edge of the closure screen.

FIG. 9 shows a needle mounting a length of drain tubing and adapted forpassing same through tissue.

FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of a closure screen comprising analternative embodiment of the present invention, with a perimetersuture.

FIG. 11 a is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof,taken within circle 11 a in FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 b is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof,showing modified vertical risers.

FIG. 12 is a side elevational view of a screen-only closure screencomprising an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 a is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof,taken generally within circle 13 a in FIG. 12.

FIG. 13 b is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view thereof,showing modified vertical risers.

FIGS. 14 a-g show a tissue separation closure procedure utilizing thescreen-only embodiment of the closure screen.

FIG. 15 a is a side elevational view of a modified vertical riser withflexible, multi-tube risers forming a fluid passage.

FIG. 15 b is a cross-sectional view thereof, taken generally along line15 b-15 b in FIG. 15 a.

FIG. 16 a is a fragmentary, side elevational view thereof, shown in acompressed configuration.

FIG. 16 b is a cross-sectional view thereof, taken generally along line16 b-16 b in FIG. 16 a.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of another modified vertical riserconstruction with risers bundled in a different configuration, withbarbs.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a modified vertical riser orperimeter element, comprising a fluted tube.

FIG. 19 is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view of a modifiedbarbed strand configuration.

FIG. 20 is an enlarged, fragmentary, side elevational view of anothermodified barbed strand configuration.

FIG. 21 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a closure screencomprising an alternative embodiment of the present invention, withbarbs formed by cutting off the ends of looped filaments.

FIG. 22 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a closure screencomprising an alternative embodiment of the present invention, withbarbs forming hooks and constructed by cutting looped filaments.

FIG. 23 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a closure screencomprising yet another alternative embodiment of the present invention,with barbs formed by cutting off the ends of looped filaments, which arelaid over in a common direction or orientation.

FIG. 24 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a closure screencomprising a further alternative embodiment of the present invention,with barbs forming hooks and constructed by cutting looped filaments,which are laid over in a common direction or orientation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I. Introduction andEnvironment

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosedherein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodimentsare merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in variousforms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosedherein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis forthe claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in theart to variously employ the present invention in virtually anyappropriately detailed structure.

Certain terminology will be used in the following description forconvenience in reference only and will not be limiting. For example, thewords “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “rightwardly” and “leftwardly” willrefer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. Thewords “inwardly” and “outwardly” will refer to directions toward andaway from, respectively, the geometric center of the embodiment beingdescribed and designated parts thereof. The words “horizontal” and“vertical” generally mean side-to-side and end-to-end, respectively.Said terminology will include the words specifically mentioned,derivatives thereof and words of a similar import.

Referring to the drawings in more detail, the reference numeral 2generally designates a medical closure screen device or system embodyingthe present invention. Without limitation on the generality of usefulapplications of the closure screen system 2, the primary applicationdisclosed herein is for assistance with the closing, draining,irrigating and healing of a separation of first and second tissueportions, such as a wound or incision 4. As shown in FIG. 5 a, the wound4 extends from and is open at the dermis 6, through the deep dermallayer 7 and the subcutaneous layer 8, and to approximately the fascia10. The wound 4 displays edges 12 a,b, which correspond to first andsecond tissue portions. The closure screen device 2 generally comprisesa screen 14, a screen perimeter member 16 and an input/output (I/O)subsystem 18.

II. Screen 14

The screen 14 includes upper and lower margins 20 a,b; first and secondends 22 a,b; and first and second faces 24 a,b. The screen 14 generallyforms a grid configuration with vertical, hollow, perforated tubularrisers 26 cross-connected by horizontal spacer members 28. Multiplebarbed strands 30 are positioned between the risers 26. The risers 26,the spacers 28 and the strands 30 are preferably joined at theirrespective intersections. As shown in FIG. 3, each strand 30 includes afilament 32 with multiple, pointed barbs 34 extending upwardly andoutwardly on both sides in staggered, spaced relation. The barbs 34generally project outwardly from the screen faces 24 a,b, for purposeswhich will be described in more detail hereinafter.

The screen or mesh 14 material can be either dissolvable (absorbable) ornon-dissolvable (non-absorbable) and can be chosen from a number ofcommercially-available, biocompatible products, which are commonly usedin medical applications for sutures, implantable meshes, and similarmedical devices.

Examples of absorbable materials include, but are not limited to:aliphatic polyesters, which include, but are not limited to: homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, .epsilon.-caprolactone, p-dioxanone,trimethylene carbonate, alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate,.delta.-hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5-dioxepan-2-one,6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof. Examples ofnonabsorbable materials include, but are not limited to: cotton, linen,silk, polyamides, polyesters, fluoropolymers, polyolefins, polyethyleneand combinations thereof.

III. Screen Perimeter Member 16

The optional screen perimeter member 16 can comprise, for example, aflexible, perforated, hollow tube 35 with multiple orifices 36. As shownin FIG. 1, the tube 35 includes first and second legs 38, 40 extendinggenerally along the screen first and second ends 22 a,b, and a base leg41 extending generally along the screen lower margin 20 b. The tubingfirst and second legs 38, 40 terminate in respective first and secondends 38 a, 40 a. The tube 35 can be secured to the screen 14 by multipleties 42, which can comprise extensions of the horizontal spacer members28 and the strands 30. By providing dissolvable ties 42, the tube 35 canbe designed for separation from the remainder of the closure screen 2after a relatively short period of time. For example, the dissolvablematerial can dissolve into the patient's body after a few days,whereafter the tube 35 can be removed.

Optionally, portions of the tube 35 can be cut away from the screen 14.For example, the screen 14 can be separated along each screen end 22a,b, or it can be separated completely from the tube 35. In this mannerthe screen 14 and the tube 35 can be configured to accommodate a varietyof conditions and tissue separation configurations.

The vertical risers 26 are optionally fluidically coupled to the tube 35at respective T intersections 44. In this configuration the tube 35 andthe vertical risers 26 cooperate to provide a manifold for fluidhandling, i.e. either extraction or irrigation, as indicated by thefluid flow arrows 45.

IV. Input/Output (I/O) Subsystem 18

The input/output subsystem 18 is designed for extraction and/orirrigation of the patient's bodily fluids and/or external fluids. Asshown in FIG. 1, the input/output subsystem 18 includes first and secondI/O devices 18 a,b attached to the tubing first and second leg ends 38a,b, which in this configuration are considered the “port” ends of thetube 35. One or both of the I/O devices 18 a,b can comprise a pressuredifferential source, such as a VAC® (Vacuum Assisted Closure) unitavailable from Kinetic Concepts, Inc. of San Antonio, Tex. The use ofsuch units for wound treatment and fluid management is disclosed in theZamierowski U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,969,880; 5,100,396; 5,261,893; 5,527,293;and 6,071,267, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Alternatively, the tubing port ends 38 a,b can be connected to variousother sources of pressure differential and various drainage andirrigation devices. For example, they can be cut short below the dermis6 and left within the separation 4 for sealing by the adjacent tissueportions 12 a,b. FIG. 4 a shows a truncated tubing end 38 b. The tubingends 38 a/40 a can be knotted (as shown at 48 in FIG. 4 b), clipped,tied (e.g., with a suture) or otherwise closed off either above or belowthe dermis 6. FIG. 4 c shows a Leur lock coupling 46 mounted on a tubingend 38 a/40 a. Still further, a transfer element comprising a piece offoam or sponge 50 can be coupled to the tube 35 at an end 38 a/40 a(FIG. 4 d). Examples of such foam and sponge materials andconfigurations are discussed in the Zamierowski U.S. patents identifiedabove. A pressure differential source, such as a vacuum source 51, canbe connected to a tube end 38 a/40 a and to a fluid receptacle 66, asshown in FIG. 4 e. A clamp 62 is shown in FIG. 4 f and closes the tubeend 38 a/40 a. The clamp 62 can be chosen from among several suitableclamps, which are commonly used for medical applications.

Either tube end 38 a/40 a can function as either an inlet port or anoutlet port with respect to the system 2. For example, suction can beapplied for pulling fluid from the patient through the system 2 througheither tube end 38 a/40 a. Still further, fluid can be pulled in bothdirections through the system 2 by alternately or jointly applyingsuction to the tube ends 38 a/40 a. For example, suction can besimultaneously applied to both tube ends 38 a/40 a.

V. Operation and Closure Method

FIGS. 5 a-e show an installation methodology utilizing the system 2 ofthe present invention. In FIG. 5 a, the closure screen 2 is placed inthe separation 4 with the tubing base 41 located at the bottom of theseparation (e.g., wound or incision) 4 and in proximity to the fascialayer 10. As shown, the tissue portions or wound/incision edges 12 a,bare spaced apart. The screen upper margin 20 a can protrude outwardlyfrom the dermis 6. FIG. 5 b shows the tissue separation edges 12 beingpushed together as indicated by the force arrows 52. FIG. 5 c shows theseparation edges 12 engaged at the dermis 6, and spaced apart somewhatwithin the subcutaneous layer 8. The edges 12 can be pushed together asindicated by the force arrows 52. Moreover, the screen 2 can be held orpositioned inwardly in order to advance the barbs 34 in the separationedges 12, as indicated by the inward or downward force arrows 54 a. FIG.5 d shows the separation edges 12 a,b substantially closed on the screen2. Tugging on the screen 14 in the general direction of the outwardforce arrow 54 b sets the mesh barbs 34.

FIG. 5 e shows the separation 4 closed on the closure screen 2, with thetubing 35 removed from the screen 14. The tubing 35 can be removedeither pre-installation by cutting the ties 42, or post-installation byallowing the ties 42 to dissolve, whereafter the unsecured tubing 35 canbe extracted.

FIG. 6 a shows the barbs 34 compressed by engagement with the separationedges 12 a,b. As shown, the separation edges 12 can be manually closedby pressing along the horizontal force arrows 52. The barbs 34 thusdeflect inwardly due to their flexibility, thereby allowing theseparation edges 12 a,b to slide upwardly or outwardly along the screen14. This process can be repeated until the separation 4 is closed, asshown in FIG. 6 b. Any protruding length of the screen 14 can be cutclose to the dermis 6. In the final configuration (FIGS. 5 e and 6 b),the barbs 34 are embedded in the tissue adjacent to the separation edges12 a,b and thus secure the separation 4 in a closed position. The fluidconducting properties of the screen 14 facilitate extracting fluid. Anoutward or upward force arrow 54 b indicates a force direction wherebythe screen barbs 34 are set in the adjoining tissue. It will beappreciated that the screen 14 can be securely set in place with thebarbs 34, yet the separation edges 12 a,b will remain capable of slidingup on the screen 14 by disengaging the barbs 34 with lateral forces, asshown in FIG. 6 a. Skin hooks 55 can be used for engaging the tissueportions 12 a,b and tugging same outwardly as shown in FIG. 6 a. Theskin hooks 55 can facilitate positioning and repositioning the screen14.

VI. Alternative Embodiment Closure Screen Systems and Methodologies

FIGS. 7 a-f show an alternative procedure for mounting the closurescreen 2 in a wound drainage application utilizing pressuredifferential. As shown in FIG. 7 a, the tubing 35 can pass through thetissue adjacent to the wound 4 and exit the dermis 6 for termination ofthe tubing end 38 a/40 a as described above. An optional layer of asuitable, biocompatible adhesive 64 is shown applied to the closurescreen first face 24 a for securing same to the first wound edge 12 a.FIG. 7 b shows the screen 14 extending upwardly from the dermis 6 withthe wound edges 12 a,b brought together in a manner similar to thatdescribed above.

The input/output subsystem 18 includes a pair of optional fluid transferelements comprising foam or sponge members 56 a,b placed on the dermis 6on either side of a protruding portion 14 a of the screen 14. The screen14 is then cut to a level generally flush with the upper surfaces of thesponges 56 a,b, as shown in FIG. 7 c. An optional sponge bridge 58 isplaced over the sponge members 56 a,b (FIG. 7 d). Examples of suitabletransfer element materials are discussed in the Zamierowski patentsnoted above and include open-cell, porous foam materials (e. g.,polyurethane ester (PUE)) chosen for their hydrophobic properties andpassage of liquids. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) material can be used for itshydrophilic properties. The transfer element subassembly 59 formed bythe sponge members 56 a,b and 58 can be connected to a vacuum source, afluid irrigation source, etc. Moreover, it can be connected toadditional fluid transfer elements and covered with various flexiblemembranes and drapes, which can be semi-permeable or impervious, asindicated for the closure and treatment of particular separations andwounds.

FIG. 7 e shows a tubing placement tool 120 with a handle 122, a shaft124 and a hook 126 terminating at a pointed or rounded, bullet-shapedtip 128. FIG. 7 f shows the tool 120 passing tubing 35 through tissue inthe subcutaneous layer 8 and into proximity with the dermis 6. The tip128 is received in a blind end 134 of the tubing 35 through a notch 136formed therein. The thrust of the tool 120 causes tenting of the dermis6, as shown at 138, whereat the dermis 6 can be opened with a scalpel140 and the tubing 35 can exit the patient for suitable terminationarrangements, such as those shown in FIGS. 4 a-f above.

FIG. 8 shows a modified embodiment closure system 202 with a pair ofscreens 14 positioned generally end-to-end in a separation 204. Atransfer element subassembly 59 is placed over the separation 204 and amembrane drape 205 is placed thereover. The tube 35 is passed throughtissue on either side of the separation 204 (e.g., using the procedureand the tubing placement tool 120 described above) and exits the dermis6 on either side of the transfer element subassembly 59. The tube 35lengths are knotted at 206. The tube 35 lengths thus function as suturesor retainers for securing the closure system 202 in the separation 204.The tube ends 38 a or 40 a can be utilized for this purpose, thusleaving the other tubing ends available for fluid communication with oneor more of the input/output subsystems 18 described above.

The tube 35 can be secured by suitable fasteners, such as clips and thelike, located above the dermis 6. Moreover, the screens 14 can beoverlapped, abutted, spaced slightly and otherwise configured andpositioned as necessary for particular tissue separations. Stillfurther, the screens 14 are adapted to be trimmed as necessary.

FIG. 9 shows a modified embodiment tubing/suture subassembly 220 with aneedle 222 including a sharpened, distal end 224 and a proximate end 226with multiple, annular ridges 226 a. A length of flexible tubing 228combines the functions of screen perimeter member and suture. Theflexible tubing 228 terminates at an end 228 a adapted for releasablymounting on the needle proximate end 226, whereat it is retained inplace by the ridges 226 a. The tubing 228 is optionally connected to thescreen 14 as described above and can include perforations 228 b forfluid drainage and/or irrigation in conjunction with input/outputsubsystems 18, also as described above. The tubing/suture subassembly220 is adapted for securing the screen 14 in place and for closing theseparation 4 by passing the tubing 228 through adjacent tissue. Thetubing/suture subassembly 220 and the screen 14 can be prepackaged andpresterilized for closing and treating separations, which can includewounds and incisions.

FIGS. 10, 11 a and 11 b show modified embodiment closure screen systems302 with first and second suture subassemblies 304, 306 comprising thescreen perimeter member. The suture subassemblies 304, 306 includerespective curved needles 304 a, 306 a which are swaged or adhesivelyconnected to opposite ends 304 b, 306 b of a common length of suturethread 307. The suture thread 307 can be absorbable or nonabsorbable. Asshown in FIG. 10, the screen closure system 302 can be preassembled withthe suture thread length 307 releasably secured to the perimeter 308 aof a screen 308. Prior to installation of the screen 308, the suture 307can be disconnected or severed therefrom, either partly or completely.For example, the suture 307 can be separated along the screen ends 310a, 310 b respectively, thereby leaving the suture thread lengths securedonly along a screen lower margin 312.

In operation, the suture subassemblies 304, 306 facilitate installationof the suture/screen closure system 302, thereby providing apreassembled device which incorporates the necessary components forsecuring same in a separation 4. For example, the screen 308 can besecured at the bottom alone by passing the suture subassemblies 304, 306through tissue portions located at the bottom of the separation 4.Alternatively, the suture subassemblies 304, 306 can be passed throughthe adjacent tissue and exit the surface of the dermis 6, whereby thesuture subassemblies 304, 306 can be used for closing the separation 4at the dermis 6. Barbed strands 320 can interact with the tissueportions 12 a,b as described above, whereby the screen 308 provides arelatively secure mechanical connection between the separated tissueportions 12 a,b. The suture subassemblies 304, 306 can be utilized forvarious purposes in the separation 4, including attachment and tackingof the dermis 6, the deep dermal layer 7, the subcutaneous layer 8 andthe fascia 10. Still further, all or part of the suture subassemblies304, 306 can be removed, and additional suture subassemblies can bemounted on or sutured to the screen 308.

FIG. 11 a shows the screen 308 attached to the suture thread 307. FIG.11 b shows an alternative construction screen 318 with hollow tubularvertical risers 324 located between adjacent, respective verticalstrands 320, all connected by the spacers 322 and adapted forcommunicating fluid with the separation 4 through the open riser ends324 a and the perforations 324 b, as indicated by the fluid flow arrows326. All or part of the screen/suture system 302 can comprise absorbablematerial.

FIGS. 12, 13 a and 13 b show a modified embodiment screen-only closurescreen system 402 and application methodology. A screen or mesh 404,similar to the screen 14 with barbed strands 30 described above, isplaced in a separation 4 against the first tissue portion 12 a. Thesecond tissue portion 12 b is then placed against the screen 404 wherebythe separation 4 is closed and can be secured by the mechanical actionof the screen 404. The screen 404 can be supplemented with sutures,drainage tubing, I/O devices, and other auxiliary components forpurposes of closing the wound edges 12, draining the inside of thetissue separation 4, fighting infection, pain management and all otherfunctionalities associated with the present invention, as discussedelsewhere herein. For example, the screen 404 can be secured withsutures at the subcutaneous level 8. Various fluid interconnectingdevices can be utilized as necessary, and can be designed for removalafter they serve their initial purpose. External drainage can also beachieved at the dermis level 6 utilizing transfer element subassemblies,such as the example designated 59 and described above (FIG. 7 d).Moreover, drainage and irrigation tubing can be installed within thewound 4 alongside or adjacent to the screen 404. It will be appreciatedthat a screen-only version of the invention can comprise varioussuitable biocompatible absorbable and non-absorbable materials,including the materials disclosed above.

FIG. 13 a is an enlarged view of the screen 404 and particularly showsbarbed strands 406 and horizontal spacers 408, which are connectedtogether in a grid pattern forming the screen 404. FIG. 13 b shows analternative embodiment with a modified screen 410 including verticalrisers 412 comprising hollow tubing, which are connected to and spacedby horizontal spacers 408. Fluid flows into and out of the verticalrisers 412 through open riser ends 412 a and perforations 412 b, asindicated by the fluid flow arrows 420.

FIGS. 14 a-g show the screen 404 installed in a tissue separation 4 andclosing same, utilizing the methodology of the present invention. Themethodology shown in FIGS. 14 a-g is similar to the methodology shown inFIGS. 5 a-e and 6 a,b. FIG. 14 c shows a downward/inward force arrow 54a indicating a direction in which the screen 404 is pushed or guidedinto the separation.

FIGS. 15 a,b and 16 a,b show a modified vertical riser 502 comprisingbundled tubes 504 secured together at spaced intervals by connectors506. The normal movement of the patient tends to alternately compressand expand the vertical risers 502, thus providing a “pumping” actionfor transferring fluid from the wound 4, as indicated by the fluid flowarrows 510. FIGS. 15 a,b show a riser 502 in an extended configuration.Compressing the screen 14 longitudinally (i.e., end-to-end) compressesthe bundled risers 504 to the configuration shown in FIGS. 16 a,b,whereby fluid is drawn into the interstitial space 508 and pumpedtherefrom when the risers 502 extend.

FIG. 17 shows yet another configuration of a vertical riser 602 withbundled tubes 604, which are closely bunched and define passages 606 forconveying fluid. Such fluid conveyance can be enhanced by a pumpingaction associated with normal patient movements. Barbs 608 projectoutwardly from the tubes 604. It will be appreciated that various otherbundled tube configurations, such as twisted, braided, etc., can beutilized.

FIG. 18 shows yet another vertical riser/perimeter member 702alternative embodiment configuration. The member 702 has a configurationwhich is commonly referred to as a “fluted” drain and includeslongitudinally-extending passages 704. This configuration can substitutefor the perimeter members described above and can function tocommunicate fluid to and from the wound 4 with the input/outputsubsystem 18.

As additional alternative embodiment configurations for the verticalrisers, they can comprise either barbed monofilament strands, similar tostrand 30 shown in FIG. 3, or unbarbed monofilament strands. Suchmonofilament vertical risers can function as passive drains with fluidflowing alongside same. They can extend above the dermis 6 and abut orconnect to transfer elements formed in various configurations withsuitable absorbent materials. Examples include gauze dressings andtransfer element subassemblies, such as 59 shown in FIG. 7 d.

FIG. 19 shows an alternative embodiment strand 802 constructed bytwisting and braiding multiple, individual filaments 804. Barbs 805 areformed by respective individual filaments 804 a, which terminate atblunt ends 806. The barbs 805 project generally outwardly from thestrand 802 and form acute angles with respect to its longitudinal axis.They are adapted for penetrating tissue within a separation 4, asdescribed above. In use, the barbs 805 would normally be oriented indirections generally pointing outwardly from the patient and the tissueseparation 4.

FIG. 20 shows another alternative embodiment strand 902 comprisingmultiple twisted and braided filaments 904. Barbs 905 are formed fromindividual filaments 904 a and have notches 908 and pointed ends 910.The notches 908 and the ends 910 are configured to allow the barbs 905to easily extract from the separation edge tissues, whereby the screenis adapted for sliding along the separation edges in order to achievethe proper position.

FIG. 21 shows a further modified screen 1002 with barbs 1004 formed bylooping individual filaments 1006 and cutting same at cut locations 1010spaced inwardly from respective apexes 1008 of the filament loops. Inoperation, the barbs 1004 slightly penetrate the tissue and are imbeddedtherein. It will be appreciated that the filaments 1006 are relativelythin in diameter, similar to microfibers, whereby patient comfort isoptimized.

FIG. 22 shows yet another modified screen 1102 with barbs 1104 formed bylooping individual filaments 1106 and cutting same at locations 1110spaced inwardly from respective apexes 1108 of the filament loopswhereby respective hooks 1112 are formed. The hooks 1112 operate in amanner similar to hook-and-loop fasteners, with the adjacent tissueforming the loop parts of the connections. In operation, the hooks 1112slightly penetrate the tissue and are imbedded therein. Theconfigurations of the hooks 1112 tend to retain them in the tissueadjacent to the separation 4 whereby the separated first and secondtissue portions 12 a,b can be closed.

FIG. 23 shows a screen 1202 with a configuration similar to the screen1002 discussed above, with additional fiber elements or filaments 1204.The additional filaments 1204 tend to lay the filament barbs 1206 overwhereby the screen 1202 can be directionally oriented within the woundseparation 4 and operate in a manner similar to the screen 14 describedabove. The barbs 1206 are formed by cutting the apexes 1208 at cutlocations 1210.

Similarly, FIG. 24 shows a screen 1302 with additional filaments 1304,which engage the filament loops 1306 and orient same in a directiontowards the right as shown in FIG. 24. The slanted orientations of thefilament loops 1306 facilitate setting same in the tissue portions 12a,b adjacent to the separation 4 by tugging outwardly on the screen1302. Repositioning the screen 1302 is also possible, as describedabove. The filament loops 1306 can be cut at cut locations 1310, whichare spaced inwardly from filament loop apexes 1308 thereby hooks 1312are formed.

It will be appreciated that FIGS. 21-24 disclose screens with barbs andending from one face thereof. The present invention also includesscreens with hooks extending from both faces.

It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited tothe specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.

1. A device for closing a separation of first and second portions ofbody tissue, which device comprises: a closure member with a perimeterand first and second faces; said closure member being adapted forpositioning at least partly within said separation; first and secondretainers associated with said first and second faces respectively andretaining same in contact with said first and second body tissueportions respectively; and said closure member comprising a woven screenand at least one of said retainers comprising filaments woven into saidscreen and projecting outwardly therefrom.
 2. A device for closing aseparation of first and second portions of body tissue, which devicecomprises: a closure member with a perimeter and first and second faces;said closure member including a barb projecting outwardly from saidfirst closure member face; said barb being adapted to penetrate thefirst portion of said tissue with said closure member positioned atleast partly in said separation and with said separated tissue portionsengaging said closure member; said closure member having a wovenconfiguration with warp and woof filaments woven together to form aflexible, porous screen; and said barb comprising a filament loopsevered in spaced relation outwardly from said closure member firstface.
 3. The device according claim 2 wherein said screen includesmultiple said filament loops each having an apex at its maximum distancefrom said closure member first face, each said loop being severed inspaced relation inwardly from its apex whereby each said loop forms ahook.
 4. The device according to claim 2 wherein said barbs aregenerally oriented in a predetermined direction and are slanted withrespect to said closure member and form acute angles with same.
 5. Thedevice according to claim 4 wherein said closure member includesfilaments adapted for laying said barbs over in said predetermineddirection.
 6. A device for closing a separation of first and secondportions of body tissue, which device comprises: a closure member with aperimeter and first and second faces; said closure member including abarb projecting outwardly from said first closure member face; said barbbeing adapted to penetrate the first portion of said tissue with saidclosure member positioned at least partly in said separation and withsaid separated tissue portions engaging said closure member; anattachment adapted for attaching said closure member second face to saidsecond tissue portion; said attachment comprising a second barbprojecting outwardly from said second closure member face and adapted topenetrate tissue at said second tissue portion; said closure membercomprising a screen with a configuration adapted to admit tissue andbody fluids; said closure screen comprising a first closure screen; asecond closure screen positioned in said separation in proximity to saidfirst closure screen; and each said closure screen including a perimetermember adapted for penetrating tissue adjacent to said separation forsecuring a respective closure screen therein.
 7. The device according toclaim 6, which includes; a fluid transfer element connected to arespective perimeter member; and said perimeter members being connectedto each other over said fluid transfer element externally of saidseparation.
 8. A method of closing separated first and second portionsof body tissue in a separation, which comprises the steps of: providinga closure member with a perimeter and first and second faces;positioning said closure member at least partly in said separation;providing first and second retainers associated with said first andsecond closure member faces respectively; retaining said first andsecond closure member faces in contact with said first and second bodytissue portions respectively; and closing said tissue first and secondportions.
 9. The method of claim 8, which includes the additional stepsof: providing a barb extending from one of said closure member faces;and penetrating said body tissue first portion with said barb to providesaid first retainer.
 10. The method of claim 8, which includes theadditional steps of: providing a pressure differential source associatedwith said closure member; and providing a pressure differential acrosssaid separation and said closure member.
 11. The method of claim 8,which includes the additional step of adhesively securing said firstclosure member face to said first tissue portion to provide said firstretainer.
 12. The method of claim 8, which includes the additional stepsof: forming said closure member with a screen configuration; and growingtissue at said separation into said closure member.
 13. A method ofclosing separated first and second portions of body tissue at aseparation, which comprises the steps of: providing a closure memberwith a perimeter and first and second faces; providing a barb projectingoutwardly from said first closure member face; positioning said closuremember at least partly in said separation; penetrating tissue at saidseparation with said barb to secure said first closure member face tosaid first portion of said tissue at said separation; attaching saidsecond closure member face to said second portion of said tissue at saidseparation; and closing said separated tissue portions.
 14. The methodof claim 13, which includes the additional steps of: providing a secondbarb projecting outwardly from said second closure member face; andattaching said second closure member face to said closure member bypenetrating said tissue second portion with said second barb.
 15. Themethod of claim 14, which includes the additional steps of: providingsaid closure member with a screen including proximate and distal marginsand multiple, flexible strands extending generally between said margins;and providing each said strand with multiple barbs projecting outwardlytherefrom.
 16. The method of claim 15, which includes the additionalsteps of: forming said screen with multiple spacers extending ingenerally parallel, spaced relation across said screen and connected tosaid strands.
 17. The method of claim 15, which includes the additionalstep of: integrally forming said strands and barbs.
 18. The method ofclaim 15, which includes the additional steps of: forming said strandswith multiple filaments; twisting said filaments to form said strands;and forming said barbs from filaments with free ends projectingoutwardly from said filaments.
 19. The method of claim 15, whichincludes the additional steps of: forming said screen of a dissolvablematerial; and dissolving at least a portion of said screen within saidtissue separation.
 20. The method of claim 15, which includes theadditional steps of: providing a perimeter member with first and secondperimeter member ends; attaching said perimeter member to said closurescreen perimeter; and positioning said perimeter member in said tissueseparation with said first end extending outwardly from said tissueseparation.
 21. The method of claim 20, which includes the additionalsteps of: providing said perimeter member with a tubular configurationopen at said first end; and transferring fluid through said perimetermember first end to said tissue separation.
 22. The method of claim 21,which includes the additional steps of: providing said screen withmultiple risers extending generally between proximate and distal marginsthereof; providing each said riser with a tubular configuration andorifices; and transferring fluid between said risers and said tissueseparation area through said orifices.
 23. The method of claim 22, whichincludes the additional steps of: engaging first and second separatedtissue portions with said screen first and second faces respectively ata first location within said separation; penetrating barbs from saidscreen first and second faces respectively into said tissue at saidfirst and second separated tissue portions respectively; disengagingsaid barbs from said tissue at said first and second separated tissueportions respectively; repositioning said closure screen within saidtissue separation to a second location; and penetrating said first andsecond separated tissue portions with said first and second barbsrespectively at said second location.
 24. The method of claim 15, whichincludes the additional steps of: extending said closure screen above askin surface adjacent to said tissue separation; providing a fluidtransfer element; connecting said fluid transfer element to a fluidtransfer system; and transferring fluid from said closure screen to saidfluid transfer system via said fluid transfer element.
 25. The method ofclaim 24, which includes the additional steps of: drawing a vacuumthrough said closure screen and through said fluid transfer element; anddrawing fluid from said closure screen and said fluid transfer elementwith said fluid transfer system.
 26. The method of claim 21, whichincludes the additional steps of: providing said closure member withrisers; forming a fluid network consisting of said risers and saidtubular perimeter member; and introducing an irrigation fluid into saidtissue separation area through said fluid network.
 27. The method ofclaim 20, which includes the additional steps of: attaching saidperimeter member to said screen perimeter with absorbable connectors;dissolving said absorbable connectors in said tissue separation; andextracting said perimeter member from said tissue separation.
 28. Themethod of claim 13, which includes the additional steps of: engagingsaid first and second separated tissue areas with first and second skinhooks respectively; and drawing said first and second separated tissueportions outwardly with said skin hooks.
 29. The method of claim 15,which includes the additional steps of: extending a portion of saidclosure screen outwardly from a skin surface level; placing primaryfluid transfer elements alongside said screen extended portion; trimminga portion of said screen extended portion which extends beyond saidprimary fluid transfer elements; placing a bridge fluid transfer elementover said primary fluid transfer elements; placing a drape over saidfluid transfer elements and attaching same to tissue around said tissueseparation; and fluidically communicating said closure screen with saidfluid transfer elements.
 30. The method according to claim 29, whichincludes the additional steps of: connecting said fluid transferelements to a vacuum source; and extracting fluid through said screenand said fluid transfer elements to a receptacle associated with saidvacuum source.
 31. The method according to claim 13, which includes theadditional steps of: providing first and second said closure members;installing said first and second closure members at least partly in saidtissue separation area; providing said first and second closure memberswith tubular members and extending same through tissue in proximity tosaid tissue separation on either side thereof; and connecting saidtubular members externally of said tissue separation whereby saidseparated tissues are drawn and retained in contact with said closuremembers.
 32. The method according to claim 21, which includes theadditional steps of providing a tool with a hook-shaped tip, mountingsaid perimeter tube on said tip and passing same through tissue adjacentto said separation.
 33. A method of securing a subcutaneous wound orincision with first and second edges, which comprises steps of:providing a closure member with first and second faces and a perimeter;providing a barb extending from said first closure member face; placingsaid closure member within said wound or incision; attaching said secondclosure member face to said second edge; and penetrating the tissue atsaid first edge with said barb whereby said closure member secures saidedges together.